We did something very similar last year. Stayed at the Movenpick, Amsterdam City Center. Not purely in the city center but very close to the train station and 100 yards from where our ship was docked.. Not all cruises dock there so you would have to check.
We prebooked tickets to the Anne Frank House, Rijksmuseum, and the Van Gogh Museum. It was a little tricky because Anne Frank tickets go on sale later than the museums.
In our case, we were able to check into the ship early on departure day, go see more of the city, and return in the late afternoon for departure.
Enjoy the trip