You will lose the ability to receive phone calls made to your home phone number or to make cellular calls.
This is absolutely false. I'm not sure why people keep perpetuating this.
Some iPhones can accept both eSIMs and physical SIMs. For those models (my wife has one), the following is true: assuming your US plan employs an eSIM, it's possible to receive and send texts and calls usung your US phone number, but only if the foreign SIM is a physical card. A second eSIM will override the initial US eSIM. I'm not certain how eSIM-only iPhones work, but Apple can tell you.
I use an Android phone, and my US SIM is a physical card. When I get a foreign SIM, it's always an eSIM. I do not "lose" my US phone number or plan; they remain usable. But they become secondary. (I could also set the foreign SIM as secondary, but why would I?) That's kind of the whole point of a dual-SIM phone: having access to two separate phone numbers (and their associated service plans) simultaneously.
To the OP: texts should come through on your US number so long as you don't enable a "Do Not Disturb" condition, on most US cell plans. Depending upon how your American cell plan charges for overseas texts, that's an option. As for data usage, I typically use between 5-10 GB per month in the US, but my usage roughly doubles when I'm overseas. Maps, Google Translate, podcast downloads etc. I use wifi as much as possible, but I avoid it when the wifi is unsecured (public places). It's just a security safeguard for me.
Also see: https://support.apple.com/en-us/118227#:~:text=While%20you're%20abroad%2C%20you,plans%20on%20supported%20iPhone%20models.