chris,
You're very lucky to have an employer that's providing tickets. Where do I sign up for that ;-)
As others have mentioned, your first step should be to read Europe Through The Back Door as that provides lots of great information on "how" to travel well in Europe. After that use the country or city-specific guidebooks to plan sightseeing, hotels, etc. in the places you'll be visiting. Again as suggested earlier, watching Rick's TV shows will provide lots of information - https://www.youtube.com/user/RickSteves
With only 7-10 days, you're going to be very limited in how much you can see, so an efficient Itinerary will be important. Is there any way you could get a few more days? Your profile doesn't indicate where you're located, but keep in mind that you will generally arrive in Europe the day after you depart your home airport, so you'll also need to plan for your two flight days.
You might consider using open-jaw flights so that you can start in one city and finish in another. Your list of destinations is a bit vague. Could you provide some clarification on what you most want to see? Two destinations with day trips would be ideal, but with 10 days you could probably fit three destinations into the Itinerary.
You don't need to have "money exchanged from US dollars to Euros." I'd suggest taking a small amount for travel funds (~€100 or so) and then using ATM's after that. Money and budgeting is covered in the book suggested above. You'll also have to cover a number of other topics such as using Money Belts, travelling with technology, medical insurance, transportation between locations, etc.
It's great that you're getting an early start in the planning, as that will allow lots of time to get all the details worked out.