About 2.5 hours south of Budapest by train is Pecs, a town filled with great cultural sites, good restaurants and alive-with-life people. The highlight is the town square and Kiraly Utca, which is known as the walking street. There are no cars, no noise, no fumes, no worries. Some of the buildings in Pecs -- the Town Hall, the National Theater, the Hotel Palatinus -- look like they were designed for a charm bracelet. Pecs was named a European Capital of Culture in 2010.
Pecs is packed with museums and religious sites. For me, the highlights were the Zsolnay Porcelain Museum and the synagogue. I had never heard of Zsolany porcelain, but the family-owned company was the biggest in Hungary on the eve of World War I. And the company's porcelain, especially the architectural systems, was stunning. The synagogue, which dates to the mid-1800s, was well described and once housed a thriving community, which was devastated by the Holocaust. I also visited the Csontvary Museum (art works by a beloved Hungarian painter), the Modern Hungarian Art Museum, the Cella Septichora (Roman crypts) and imposing cathedral. There even more museums for the real culture vultures.
Another great town is Eger, two hours northeast of Budapest by train. It's a charming town for browsing the produce market. The town hosts a great thermal spa. The Lyceum, a teaching training college from the 18th century, houses a glorious Baroque library -- 60,000 books in over 30 languages under a frescoed ceiling. The "Magic Tower" has a working 18th-century camera obscura.
In Turkey, I'd recommend Cappadocia, Antalya and Kudashi, a port town that will make you fall in love with the country. Kudashi is near Ephesus, the Ancient Greek city mentioned in the Bible. The antiquities are amazing. Other great antiquities are seen in Heliopolis, Aphrodisias and Aspendos.