Ms. Jo, people seeing Europe as one place is my first clue that they may have traveled, but didn't learn too much on the way.
On the service charges, in Budapest, when presented with a bill and I offered a tip, I have been told it's not necessary as the service charge is already included. That has led me to believe the service charge was the equivalent to tipping. So, while tipping is cultural in Hungary, I leave no separate tip when there is a service charge. Is that a different understanding than in Germany?
Here in the US the larger or more expensive places collect all the tips from the staff, or service charges if they go that way, and distributes the money to waiters, cooks, etc. I don't know of an instance where the management keeps any. I think they do this in part to comply with the minimum wage law accounting. Smaller places, the staff just pockets the cash, but technically has to report it to management for minimum wage accounting.
So every place is different as you point out.