As noted, the main issue is that you've picked a hotel that is away from central
Amsterdam and also not that close to any public transportation. So even if you
take a cab to the hotel, you're looking at a lot of inefficiency to get downtown
to look around.
I would second the idea to move to a different hotel for 1 night. I suspect it will
cost a decent amount more, and you need to be careful with hotels closer to the
city as the rooms will be smaller and possibly of lower quality. But a better located
hotel for 1 night will enable you to make the best use of your time. At the least,
consider a hotel located (very) near to a Metro stop if you want to stay outside
the city still, or near a tram stop if you stay in the central area (if you do that, you
would most likely go back to Centraal Station and catch a train back to Schiphol.
Note that the train and the subway/trams are two different alternatives, and they
are run by two different companies. I know you can buy a 24 hour pass for the
trams/buses/subway, but am not sure there is a combined 24 hour pass. The trains
and subway are of little use once you get into Amsterdam; it's the trams and buses
you might use to get around. The problem, so to speak, is that a lot of the transport is
organized in kind of a hub & spoke system from Centraal Station. Going around
the perimeter of the circle as defined by the canal structure is more of a walking
or biking thing.
In addition to cabs, trains, and trams, there is an express bus that goes from the
airport to downtown, and has stops around the museum campus.
Airport Express Bus
