I would definitely not try to add another stop to this itinerary. It already feels aggressive to me. If you had more time, I'd be suggesting you add Malaga rather than Valencia; it would work better logistically.
I agree that one day--possibly still rather jet lagged--is really short for Granada. The Alhambra is a large complex that can take close to a full day to see. When will you have time to see the city's other sights? The Alhambra sells out early. Have you checked to be sure tickets are available on the day you'll need them?
Via Michelin estimates the driving time from Granada to Ronda/Arcos/Sevilla at 5 hr. 14 min., and that's with no stops or traffic delays. Ronda isn't a little village you can see in an hour (for that matter, Arcos is large enough to need more time than that). In both those places you'll have to park the car, then walk from the parking place to whatever you want to see. That's going to be a long day in the car, some of it on curvy roads where you might be held up by other vehicles. You could well need more time than ViaMichelin estimates for the driving. You'll need at least one meal sometime during the day, which will extend the travel time. It will be quite late when you reach Seville, and you're going to have to deal with parking the car. Then you're in Seville for just two days, which I think is a day short for Seville.
ViaMichelin estimates 4 hr. 40 min. for the drive from Seville to Salamanca--again a best-case figure without any allowance for stopping, traffic, a search for parking or eating. Salamanca has a large historic center; you won't have time to see much of it, and on the way from Seville you will have blasted past both Merida (Roman ruins) and Caceres with its UNESCO-listed Renaissance core.
Then the next day you're back in the car again for a significant drive to Madrid, maybe by way of Toledo. I really discourage that. In addition to the drive itself (over 4 hours), you'll lose time parking the car and getting from the parking place up to the medieval center of the city. Toledo has a lot to see and you'll only have about half a day there. If you want to see something on the way to Madrid, I'd recommend Segovia instead. It will mean nearly an hour less in the car, and--though it does have more than a few hours' worth of sights, it's not as sight-rich as Toledo. El Escorial would take you even less out of your way, but I haven't been there so I can't comment on how its sights stack up against Toledo's and Segovia's (in both of which cities I spent multiple nights).
I don't see time for the Basque countryside in the schedule. You have little more than a day to see the two cities. I don't know where you'd fit in a nice country walk in the south, either.
I like all the places you want to go and don't blame you for wanting to see them, but I'm afraid this is going to be a tiring trip except for the time in Madrid and Barcelona--and the need for prebooked, timed tickets at so many sights in Barcelona somewhat limits the typical visitor's ability to relax and play things by ear.
I'd drop Salamanca and maybe the Basque Country. Your transportation time would be reduced a lot if you traveled from Seville to Cordoba (spending one night there rather making a round trip on the train), then straight to Madrid. Both Toledo and Segovia work as day trips from Madrid. Spain has super-fast trains running from Seville to Cordoba to Madrid to Barcelona, and you're not taking advantage of any of them.