We love Haarlem (3 times and returning) as there is so much to do. Archaeology museum of the town, St. Bavo, Teyler's and Frans Hals museums, Adriaan windmill that one can tour, canal cruises, good eats, only a fifteen minute train ride and ten minute walk into Grote Markt. Saturdays are fun with a big market set up in Grote Markt.
Volendam... pretty views, but I feel ripped off when I visit a town that has little other than shopping and restaurants. Not my cup of tea.
Leiden - gorgeous and once again, things to see. American Pilgrim Museum (quite good and only 5E), several other museums in town.
We didn't know about Enkhuizen on our first trip but saw it suggested by tonfromleiden and want to experience it. Last winter it was closed so I am thrilled to catch it before it closes this fall.
We are planning to visit Muiderslot castle on this visit to nl. Looks to be easy to get to and is quite interesting to me. I see they offer several tours of the castle but haven't delved further into descriptions/pricing. Here's a link: Muiderslot
Delft and Den Haag were also easy day trips we enjoyed.
We enjoyed a countryside tour with ThatDamGuide last winter. We had taken his city walking tour in 2015 and liked it so decided to spring for something different. We toured the Waterlands area, visited a working cow farm, had apple pie/coffee in Monnickendam and cheese tasting/wine at the farm, visited a working windmill, etc. I know that our route was slightly different since it was winter.
I would not want to go to Bruges unless I could spend at least two night there. Just too long of a trip.
Have a great time on your trip.