After a few years of driving myself and taking the trains in Italy, I've decided to hire some transportation services and tour drivers. Is it customary or expected to tip? How much?
The proper tip is € 0.00
https://community.ricksteves.com/travel-forum/italy/tipping-private-driver-in-italy
Hopefully, Rick Steves' Europe has updated its website since 2017:
https://www.ricksteves.com/travel-tips/money/tipping-in-europe
In Italy in 2022, we tipped our guides between 10 and 20 Euros per day, depending on how much we enjoyed the tour. We tipped the car service drivers around 10% of the total cost.
We were in Rome last December, hired a driver/guide, very friendly and knowledgable guide, we went over our tour time, we tipped him 60 euro.
Our guide(private too) at Vatican is ordinary, we did not tip her.
No tip at restaurants.