I like Roberto's loop suggestion.
I have another suggestion, but it is based on you being able to take a little more time and being able to return at night.
Part 1 - Florence to Greve. Leave Florence 8:00. Drive down the famed Chiantigiana (SR222) road. Arrive Greve 8:45. Visit this charming town in the morning.
Part 2 - Take winery tour and do wine and food tasting at Castillo di Verrazzano. This winery is 10 minutes outside of Greve. The winery is gorgeous and the tour is wonderful. The food and wine tasting is amazing. The problem is that it will take a minimum of 2 1/2 - 3 hours for the tour and tasting, but you will only need a light snack for dinner! You can always skip the food and wine tasting and just do the tour with the wine tasting at the end.
Part 3 - Drive to Castillina If you leave the winery at 2:30, you can be in Castillina at 3:00. From here you have two options, based on how much time you want to spend and how late you want to return to Florence.
Part 3, Option 1 - Spend as much time as you like visiting Castellina, then drive back to Florence. Depending on your route, you are 45 minutes - 1 hour from Florence.
Part 3, Option 2 - Castillina to Volterra. If you can possibly spare the time, this is what I recommend. It's a one hour drive through some spectacular scenery. Spend an hour in Castillina, then hit the road @4:00. Arrive in Volterra @ 5:00. Wander around in town until an hour before sunset, then go out the gate to the promenade to the west of the city. From there you will be treated to a spectacular sunset. There's a fantastic view of the city and the light constantly changes. The townsfolk come out to the promenade in the early evening and you'll be able to mingle with the residents. We didn't plan on staying that late, but the sunset was so amazing, I stayed and photographed until dark.
The drive back from Volterra to Florence is ~1 1/2 hours. I know this is further than you planned and you probably wouldn't get back until after 10:00, but you will have packed in the heart of a Tuscan experience in one long day. My Facebook home page image is a photo I took at Volterra. Every day I think about that magical time. Volterra and Verrazzano are two of the standout moments of our 10 days in Tuscany.