Fast train from Rome to Ferrara takes less than 3 hours --- that's where I would go. The bus or the train from there to Padua takes less than an hour. We first went to Ferrara on a day trip, and then returned a few years later to stay for 4 nights in December 2023. Nice place to decompress between tours. Train to Bologna is 40 minutes, so that would be an easy day trip.
Here's what I had to say about Ferrara in my trip report :
My husband signed up for a different kind of cooking class and had a terrific time with a group of friends who cook together at one of their apartments — I joined them for dessert and they switched to English for me: https://www.tripadvisor.com/AttractionProductReview-g194760-d26337067-Private_Cooking_Class_of_Ferrarese_cuisine-Ferrara_Province_of_Ferrara_Emilia_Roma.html
Palazzo Schifanoia frescoes cover the walls in a huge room and were fantastic in every sense of the word: https://smarthistory.org/sala-dei-mesi-at-palazzo-schifanoia/ And nobody was there — we had the room all to ourselves and could walk around pointing and exclaiming at the details. I think that even a person with no interest in art would like to see these frescoes.
Casa Romei had some beautiful frescoes in a 14th century merchant's house. If you have to pick one, though, see Schifanoia.
The Museo della Cattedrale had cool sculptures of the months and the activities done in each month.
https://notaboutthemiles.com/things-to-do-in-ferrara/
Monastero di Sant’Antonio. Three 14th century chapels covered in school-of-Giotto frescoes with the kind of uncommon details I like to see (such as a D.I.Y. Jesus climbing a ladder up to his cross). My husband has had his fill of medieval and Renaissance art, but this monastery visit turned out to be one of his favorite experiences in Italy. You ring the monastery bell and ask to visit the frescoes. A little nun who is allowed to have contact with the public whispers her patter throughout the tour, which includes the dripping tomb of a nun (the holy water is collected in bottles and used for I-don’t-know-what). No photos. At the end, donate or buy some postcards. See: Monastero di Sant'Antonio in Polesine — Ferrara Terra e Acqua
https://iviaggidiraffaella.blogspot.com/2017/08/ferrara-gli-affreschi-del-monastero-di.html
We enjoyed eating at I Tri Scalin (recommended by my husband’s cooking class buddies for traditional food) and Trattoria da Noemi.
How did we run out of time with four nights and pretty much five whole days, and having visited Ferrara on a long day trip once before? We would have liked to spend more time wandering and just living in this town for a while.