Aachen is about 50 minutes from Cologne. From Aachen there's a bus route (SB66) that continues to Kornelimünster, Walheim , Friesenrath, and Roetgen (which is about 30 minutes from Aachen.) It looks like you will find a fair number of memorial sites, graves, dragon's teeth, etc. on this route.
https://www.aseag.de/fileadmin/aseag_media/documents/Linienfahrplaene/SB66.pdf
Click on this page, which handles the Roetgen war-related sites. You can click on the map there, zoom out, and find the locations of additional sites to the north in the aforementioned towns between Roetgen and Aachen. Many of them look to be walkable from town. Aachen has "stumble-stones" and some other war options as well, and it's just a pleasant place to be on its own.
South of Roetgen, the bus continues to Monschau, possibly Germany's most attractive small town.
Use the DB itinerary page to input the names of towns and locations in the area and turn up itineraries that are possible from Cologne:
https://reiseauskunft.bahn.de/bin/query.exe/en
I've been to Aachen and Monschau but never in these smaller places. Give it a try and come back with a trip report!