So basically, except for Prague and Berlin, where you have 3 nights, you will only have 2 nights in all the other places. Keep in mind that with travel, that really only gives you one full day.
For example, on Sept. 21, you train to Freiburg. By the time you get there and get checked in, you've got maybe a half day, and then the next day. So you've got to decide whether you want to spend that time exploring Freiburg or take your day trips. You won't really have time to do more than one day trip.
It's still a little unclear what you are looking for, so I would think about that. But I think you will be able to see more if you spend 3 nights, rather than two. Now having said that, there are some folks who don't mind traveling every couple of days to new places. There is one woman here on the forum who has been traveling for decades, and that is her mode of travel. She likes sleeping in new places, and doesn't mind the travel time to get there. I don't know how much you've traveled, but it is definitely something to think about. I'm the opposite. I like staying in a place for at least 3 nights and preferably 4-7 if possible. But I'm retired and I can travel for much longer periods of time. And that's me.
If you're okay with moving on every couple of days (except for the beginning), then have at it. As I said, this is your trip and you should see what you want. But if you want some suggestions, here are a few.
Erfurt is nice, but if this is your first trip to Germany and you want to see Bamberg, it might make more sense to base in Nuremberg, which has tons of history, and you can take day trips to Bamberg or Regensburg, which are both pretty wonderful and within a short train ride from Nuremberg.
Munich is nice, and if you really want a good look at the Bavarian culture, it's a good stop, but you don't need much time there. Or better yet, skip Munich and head to the Black Forest after you leave Nuremberg or Bamberg. I would recommend the town of Gengenbach as a good stop. I think this places gives you a better look at the German culture that Munich sort of strives for. I stayed in Gengenbach for 4 nights in 2022 and absolutely loved it. The town is very charming (it's frequently called a "chocolate box" village) and has a beautiful Altstadt, with quite a few restaurants and cafes to choose from. Gengenbach makes a good base as it is right on the main train line, and gives you the options of some interesting day trips, including taking a day trip to Strasbourg, France, which is a quick 40 minute train ride away.
The town has cobblestones and half-timbered houses, flower pots and cats resting on doormats and quaint dolls in the window. I felt like I had walked back in time when I strolled through these quaint and narrow streets. There is also a nice hike you can take that will get you above the town with some absolutely beautiful views of below. The hike ends up at a church called St. Jakob auf dem Bergle that sits above town. The TIC in town will have maps showing you how to get there. it was a really nice hike and as I said, the views are just lovely. And there are so many more hiking opportunities available. It's really a lovely area, and usually free of American tourists.
One nice benefit if you stay there is that you receive a KONUS card, which entitles you to free public transport throughout the Black Forest region, although the Deutschland ticket will give you that as well. There are many charming villages in the region that you can visit along the Black Forest Railway, and there is also the Vogtsbauernhof (open-air museum) that is a joy to visit and easily accessible by train.
From there, you could easily head up to the Rhine area and your final destination.