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I was in Vaison twice last year and don't remember seeing a train station. To be sure, you can look for a station list on the SNCF web site.

Thank you Robert. I appreciate your quick response. Seems odd there would not be a station.

If you look on a map (a decent one that shows rail lines, not google maps), for example this map here: https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=11/44.2398/5.0026
You can see the nearest rail line and station is Orange.

This is an area where you need a car. We rented at the Avignon TVG station coming from Paris. Bus a few and far between.

Its a small town, they arent all on the rail network

Take a look at the website rome2rio.com.
It will outline all of the possible modes of transportation between any two locations in the world.
I did a quick search and you can take the route 11 bus...takes about 3.5 hours and leaves from Aix en Provence 3 times daily. You can drive it in in about an hour and 20 minutes.
No train though! Sorry...

It is very hard to visit small towns in rural France without a car; most are not on train lines except those around Paris that are on commuter lines. Often there will be one town in the region with a train station and then you have to find infrequent buses or make other arrangements. One option is to train to a larger small city in the region and pick up a car there -- smaller stations or towns may not have that option.

As mentioned, train stations can be hard to find in rural. In many towns there will be mention of a gare (train station), but it will turn out to no longer be a train station, just a bus station. Or sometimes just a building. And there are often bus lines in rural France, but they're geared more to take children to and from school, so the schedule is often not useful for a tourist,

The buses to Vaison-la-Romaine aren't too bad by rural French standards - details in French here. The routes 4 and 11 respectively link Vaison to Orange and Carpentras. You can get from Aix to Carpentras by LER bus 17, although there are only about four per day. Or you can get a more frequent bus from Aix to Avignon, then train to either Orange or Carpentras.

Comparing the bus timetables, at the moment, as long as you aren't travelling on Sunday, you can get the 0955 bus 17 from Aix to Carpentras, arriving at 1120, which leaves you time to grab something to eat before the 1210 number 11 bus to Vaison, arriving at 1300.