Newquay

Hello Emme,

I will be needing a centralized location as I will be taking day trips for business to Penzance, Liskeard, Fowey, St. Austell, Truro and Padstow.

Thank you. I am looking for reasonably priced accommodations as well.

Thank you.

I don’t think there is one base where you can cover so many different places by public transport easily. Hiring a car would be far quicker, making a loop around the county.

Thank you Emma.

I forgot to mention, I have hired a private car, so that detail is not left hanging! Just wanting a familiar home away from home as days will be long on the whirlwind tour of the county of Cornwall. No time scheduled for sightseeing while there. Hopefully, I will
enjoy the scenery and flavor of each town during a quick meal with the locals.

Newquay is down a branch line. Truro is on the mainline - that ends at Penzance.http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/static/images/structure/css/nationalrailnetworkmap.pdf

Truro is the only city in Cornwall. Newquay has a bit of a reputation as "party central", popular with young surfer/hen/stag party types. Hopefully it's changing:
https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/business/newquay-high-street-former-stag-1859684

Your advice is wrong. Newquay airport is outside Newquay. It has minimal public transport. The railway station is in Newquay, and to get there from the airport you need an infrequent bus, or better a taxi.
The timetable for the trains to Newquay is here: https://www.gwr.com/~/media/gwr/pdfs/plan-journey/timetables/2018/september/k03,-d-,web,-d-,v2.pdf
It shows six trains per day, departing from Newquay at 10:13, 13:05, 15:01, 17:22, 19:24, 21:26. This is not a good service. By road Newquay is also "out on a limb". Newquay is not a good base for touring Cornwall.

I strongly recommend you rent a car, and stay somewhere like Truro. Even from there, the extremities of the county (Penzance, St Ives, Tintagel) will take you over an hour to reach.

Thanks to all. Truro may offer a better compromise of location and accomodation.