clekitch,
Here is what i have found on my 3+ years of travel in Europe, so far.
-#1 cost is Transportation. Round Trip (R/T) tickets to/from Europe, puddle jumpers and trains. Sometimes it can take a back seat to Lodging, but it will depend on where you go to.
-#2 cost is Lodging. I fly solo, so i can do with less than others, but sometimes i will splurge if i feel like it or want to in a certain place.
-#3 is Attractions. that entrance fees, photo passes, horseback riding, or anything else.
-#4 souvenirs.
-#5 is Food. thats waaaaaaaay down the list.
What i also found out is that usually getting between A and B in Europe can be less expensive if you choose your places carefully and if needed, BOOK IN ADVANCE. same with lodging. Booking in advance can save you some $$$.
As mentioned look at the bahn.de and if you want, look at Seat61.com he has a plug n chug from A to B. Also, dont discount using airplane to travel. Sometimes they can be less expensive but on the flip side, may take the same amount or more time due to getting to/from the airports and security.
By checking out the train tickets prices you can see if its less expensive to book ahead vs not. Or you can ask here. ON my last trip from Munich>Prague>Vienna>Budapest>Krakow, most of my trains between those places were 20 Euros. The Train from Budapest to Krakow was an overnight train and of course more expensive.
Public transportation within the city, i dont budget for unless its a day trip in/out. Taxis are different since they are usually more expensive. But for busses/trams and such I will research into what is available as to city passes and if they include transportation. If not, i will also do some homework into any transportation day passes and see how much they are to determine if the city pass with it is "worth it". I always assume i will be taking public transportation at least one round trip per day.
With regards to your budget, i try to keep mine between 100 to 200 USD/Day and that includes #1, 2, 3. Sometimes my souvenirs come out expensive, but i like to bring/send home a lot of stuff for me and some selected friends and relatives.
just a comment and warning. If you plan on going to the Octoberfest in Munich, i would book your lodging ASAP! i forgot about it on my trip last year and by the time i was booking my lodging and got to Munich, i was looking at 300+ USD/night. So i opted to swap start/stop points and pass up on it for this time.
if you just crunch your numbers now. 8k/14 days (assuming you already know you will loose one day traveling there). then it comes to approx. 280 USD/Day/Per person. For me and how i travel, thats on the high side. But that is assuming, what i have posted in #1, 2 & 3
i found some of my data from my last 2 trips, it looks like about 80% of my travel cost on both trips was spent for Transportation & Lodging combined. For this year, the number is higher, but i havent figured out the costs everyplace i have planned to see.
note that i havent rented any cars over there, yet. so i dont know how much that will add to the budget.
also note that many museums in London are free. that helps some.
Happy trails.